Table 4 Earthquake-triggered landslide database with information on major contributing factors (ND: no detailed data)
Number | Country | Earthquake | M | Hypocentral depth | Intensity | Fault | Topo. energy | Clim. Factor | Litho. factor | Number of landslides computed (observed) | Affected area (km2) (obs./estimated) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Americas | ||||||||||||
1 | USA | New Madrid (Missouri) 1811 | 7.50 | 15.00 | 0.69 | 1.50 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 829 (200 rock falls) | 1143 | Jibson 1996 |
2 | USA | New Madrid (Missouri) 1812 | 7.80 | 15.00 | 1.04 | 1.50 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 1247 (ND) | 1787 | Jibson 1996 |
3 | USA | New Madrid (Missouri) 1812 | 7.30 | 15.00 | 0.51 | 1.50 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 617 (ND) | 827 | Jibson 1996 |
4 | USA | Charleston (South Carolina) 1886 | 6.80 | 12.00 | 0.26 | 1.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 384 (ND) | 307 | Bakun and Hopper 2004 |
5 | USA | San Francisco 1906 | 7.90 | 15.00 | 0.58 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2325 (hundreds of landslides or >10,000) | 2922 (32,000) | Youd and Hoose 1978; Keefer 1998 |
6 | USA | Imperial Valley (California) 1940 | 7.10 | 16.00 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 2.00 | 36 (ND) | 65 | King and Thatcher 1998 |
7 | Canada | Vancouver Island 1946 | 7.25 | 30.00 | 0.55 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2210 (numerous scars) | 10,196 | Mathews 1979 |
8 | USA | Puget Sound (Olympia, Seattle) 1949 | 7.00 | 70.00 | 0.11 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 168 (several landslides and rockslides) | 4715 | Chleborad and Schuster 1990 |
9 | USA | Daly City (California) 1957 | 5.30 | 7.27 | 0.03 | 1.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 49 (15 small landslides) | 11 | Zoback et al. 1999 |
10 | USA | Southeast Alaska (Lituya Bay) 1958 | 7.70 | 15.00 | 1.38 | 2.25 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9318 (massive landslide generating a Tsunami) | 10,763 | Miller 1960 |
11 | USA | Montana (Hebgen Lake) 1959 | 7.10 | 11.00 | 1.18 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 7064 (huge landslide forming a dam, numerous rockfalls) | 3504 | Barrientos et al. 1987 |
12 | Chile | Chile (Valdivia) 1960 | 9.50 | 33.00 | 3.42 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 5126 (massive landslide near Valdivia) | 30,619 | Weischet 1963 |
13 | USA | Alaska (Anchorage) 1964 | 9.20 | 25.00 | 2.84 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 25,596 (> > 10,000 landslides) | 84,972 (>200,000) | Ichinose et al. 2007 Keefer 1984 |
14 | USA | Puget Sound (Seattle) 1965 | 6.50 | 60.00 | 0.06 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 183 | 3505 | Ichinose et al. 2004 |
15 | USA | Parkfield-Cholame (California) 1966 | 6.20 | 7.00 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 51 | 16 | Bakun 1972 |
16 | Peru | Ancash 1970 | 7.80 | 43.00 | 0.69 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 12,502 (>10,000) | 104,099 (27,000) | Beck and Ruff 1989 |
17 | USA | San Fernando (California) 1971 | 7.10 | 10.00 | 0.69 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1388 | 697 | Jennings and Housner 1973 |
18 | Guatemala | Guatemala (Motagua) 1976 | 7.60 | 10.00 | 0.84 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 10,073 (>10,000) | 4420 (16,000) | Harp et al. 1981 |
19 | Panama | Darien 1976 | 7.00 | 5.00 | 0.16 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1294 | 160 | Garwood et al. 1979 |
20 | Argentina | San Juan Province (Caucete) 1977 | 7.40 | 17.00 | 1.33 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 1595 | 1969 | Langer and Hartzell 1996 |
21 | USA | Santa Barbara (California) 1978 | 5.60 | 13.00 | 0.05 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 544 | 420 | Harp et al. 1980 |
22 | USA | Homestead Valley (California) 1979 | 5.20 | 5.00 | 0.01 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 7 | 1 | Stein and Lisowski 1983 |
23 | USA | Coyote Lake (California) 1979 | 5.40 | 10.00 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 33 | 18 | Wilson and Keefer 1983 |
24 | USA | Mount Diablo (California) 1980 | 5.80 | 8.00 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 29 | 15 | Rymer 1987 |
25 | USA | Mammoth Lakes (California) 1980 | 6.10 | 8.00 | 0.10 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 1173 | 374 | Archuleta et al. 1982 |
26 | USA | Coalinga (California) 1983 | 6.20 | 7.00 | 0.11 | 0.75 | 2.00 | 0.20 | 4.00 | 136 | 48 | Mavko et al. 1985 |
27 | USA | Borah Peak (Idaho) 1983 | 6.90 | 10.00 | 1.03 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 3092 | 1232 | Keefer et al. 1985 |
28 | Chile | Valparaiso 1985 | 7.80 | 43.00 | 0.69 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2084 | 17,350 | Plafker and Gajardo 1985 |
29 | El Salvador | El Salvador (San Salvador) 1986 | 5.70 | 12.00 | 0.05 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 636 | 426 | García-Rodríguez et al. 2008 |
30 | Ecuador | Ecuador (N. Reventador) 1987 (March 6 4:10 GMT) | 7.10 | 17.00 | 0.61 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 19,500 | 28,292 | Schuster et al. 1996 |
31 | Ecuador | El Napo (Quito-Tulcan) 1987 (March 6 1:54 GMT) | 6.40 | 5.00 | 0.07 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 1094 | 124 | Schuster et al. 1996 |
32 | USA | Whittier Narrows (California) 1987 | 6.10 | 17.00 | 0.09 | 0.75 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 32 | 66 | Harp and Wilson 1995 |
33 | USA | Superstition Hills (California) 1987 | 6.20 | 5.00 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 4.00 | 21 | 3 | Harp and Wilson 1995 |
34 | Canada | Saguenay (Quebec) 1988 | 5.80 | 28.00 | 0.07 | 2.25 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 1243 | 3767 | Syvitski and Schafer 1996 |
35 | USA | Loma Prieta (California) 1989 | 7.10 | 18.00 | 0.72 | 2.25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3219 (2000) | 4937 (conc. = 2000; total = 15,000) | Keefer 1998 |
36 | Costa Rica | Costa Rica (Limon) 1990 | 7.10 | 24.00 | 0.60 | 2.25 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 5406 | 14,738 | Ponce et al. 2010 |
37 | Costa Rica | Valle de la Estrella 1991 | 7.50 | 21.50 | 1.09 | 2.25 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 19,695 | 45,520 | Goes et al. 1993 |
38 | USA | Cape Mendocino 1992 (California) (*2) | 7.00 | 17.00 | 0.32 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 966 | 1596 | González et al. 1995 |
39 | Colombia | Murindo 1992 | 6.70 | 14.00 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 808 | 1061 | Mosquera-Machado et al. 2009 |
40 | USA | Klamath Falls (Oregon) 1993 | 5.90 | 11.00 | 0.07 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 53 | 44 | Qamar 1995 |
41 | Colombia | Paez 1994 | 6.80 | 12.00 | 0.26 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 6137 | 4907 | Martinez et al. 1995 |
42 | USA | Northridge (California) 1994 | 6.70 | 12.00 | 0.74 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 8833 (11,000) | 4920 (10,000) | Harp and Jibson 1996 |
43 | Colombia | Tauramena 1995 | 6.50 | 20.00 | 0.15 | 1.50 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1765 | 3746 | Dimate et al. 2003 |
44 | El Salvador | El Salvador (San Miguel) 2001 (January 13) | 7.70 | 60.00 | 0.43 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 2560 (>1000) | 57,950 | Evans and Bent 2004 |
45 | USA | Denaly (Alaska) 2002 | 7.90 | 10.00 | 1.50 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 12,037 (thousands) | 4754 (30 km band along surface rupture) | Eberhart-Phillips et al. 2003 |
46 | Mexico | Colima 2003 | 7.60 | 24.00 | 0.35 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 5639 (several thousands) | 17,455 (8000) | Keefer et al. 2006 |
47 | Chile | Aysen 2007 | 6.20 | 10.00 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 304 (hundreds) | 188 (~1200) | Hermanns et al. 2014 |
48 | Peru | Pisco 2007 | 8.00 | 39.00 | 1.27 | 4.50 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 570 (866) | 3269 | Tavera et al. 2009 |
49 | Chile | Pelluhue 2010 | 8.80 | 31.00 | 2.67 | 4.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 12,024 | 47,935 | Lin et al. 2013 |
50 | Chile | Pichilemu 2010 | 6.90 | 39.00 | 0.27 | 4.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1222 | 6045 | Farías et al. 2011 |
51 | Haiti | Haiti (Port-au-Prince) 2010 | 7.10 | 10.00 | 0.86 | 2.25 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 7754 (5000) | 3670 (2000) | |
52 | Chile | Araucania 2011 | 7.10 | 17.00 | 0.73 | 2.25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3307 | 4523 | Hicks and Rietbrock 2015 |
53 | USA | Virginia, NE USA 2011 | 5.80 | 6.00 | 0.07 | 0.75 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 49 | 12 | Jibson and Harp 2012 |
Asia and Oceania | ||||||||||||
54 | Kyrgyzstan | Kemin 1911 | 7.80 | 25.00 | 1.12 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 4495 (hundreds) | 5408 | |
55 | China | Haiyuan 1920 | 8.50 | 15.00 | 2.28 | 4.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 36,537 (thousands) | 17,469 (15,000) | Zhang and Wang 2007 |
56 | Tajikistan | Khait 1949 | 7.50 | 18.00 | 1.41 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 16,906 (several giant landslides and flows) | 16,772 | |
57 | India | Assam 1950 | 8.60 | 14.00 | 2.76 | 4.50 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 74,424 (thousands, > 10,000) | 34,143 (15,000) | Kingdon-Ward 1955 |
58 | Russia | Altai 1957 | 8.10 | 30.00 | 1.18 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 7077 | 17,197 | Lunina et al. 2008; Rogozhin et al. 2003 |
59 | Tajikistan | Gissar 1989 | 5.50 | 5.00 | 0.04 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 261 (several large slides) | 59 | Ishihara et al. 1990 |
60 | Philippines | Luzon 1990 | 7.70 | 25.00 | 0.82 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 9794 (hundreds) | 31,422 (3000) | |
61 | Iran | Manjil 1990 | 7.30 | 19.00 | 0.79 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1575 (hundreds) | 2075 | Shoaei and Sassa 1993 |
62 | Kyrgyzstan | Suusamyr 1992 | 7.20 | 27.00 | 0.64 | 2.25 | 2.00 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 576 (tens) | 1646 (2000) | Ghose et al. 1997; Mellors et al. 1997; Havenith et al. 2015a, b |
63 | Papua New Guinea | Papua New Guinea 1993 | 6.90 | 19.00 | 0.51 | 2.25 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4622 (5000) | 6267 | Meunier et al. 2008 |
64 | Taiwan | Chi-Chi 1999 | 7.60 | 12.00 | 1.69 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 30,382 (22,000) | 13,574 (10,000) | Keefer 2002; Khazai and Sitar 2003 |
65 | Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan | Hindukush 2002 I | 7.40 | 226.00 | 0.03 | 1.50 | 4.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 178 (activation of large distant landslides) | 54,843 (landslides at >500 km distance) | Yeats and Madden 2003; Niyazov and Nurtaev 2010; Niyazov and Nurtaev 2013; Niyazov and Nurtaev 2014; Torgoev et al. 2013 |
66 | Tajikistan | Hindukush 2002 II | 6.10 | 15.00 | 0.09 | 1.50 | 4.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 536 (reactivtions) | 601 | Niyazov and Nurtaev 2010; Niyazov and Nurtaev 2013; Niyazov and Nurtaev 2014; Torgoev et al. 2013 |
67 | Russia | Altai 2003 | 7.30 | 18.00 | 0.81 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 3221 (hundreds) | 3809 (3000) | Lunina et al. 2008; Rogozhin et al. 2003 |
68 | Japan | Chuetsu 2004 | 6.60 | 13.00 | 0.19 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1135 (tens) | 1033 | Kieffer et al. 2006 |
69 | Pakistan | Kashmir 2005 | 7.70 | 15.00 | 1.74 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 15,616 (thousands) | 11,045 (5000) | Petley et al. 2006; Dunning et al. 2007 |
70 | Japan | Chuetsu 2007 | 6.60 | 17.00 | 0.18 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1074 | 1672 | Cirella et al. 2008; Collins et al. 2012 |
71 | China | Wenchuan 2008 | 7.90 | 17.00 | 1.96 | 6.00 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 93,883 (60,000 – 200,000) | 43,753 (35,000 – 100,000) | Gorum et al. 2011; Shen et al. 2015 |
72 | Japan | Iwate–Miyagi Nairiku 2008 | 7.20 | 8.00 | 1.02 | 2.25 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 9140 (>4000) | 2292 | Ohta et al. 2008; Yagi et al. 2009 |
73 | Indonesia | Sumatra 2009 | 7.60 | 71.00 | 0.29 | 1.50 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 883 (89) | 27,614 | Umar et al. 2014 |
74 | Japan | Tohoku 2011 | 9.00 | 30.00 | 2.36 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 3.00 | 10,632 (3477) | 35,157 (28380) | Koketsu et al. 2011; Wartman et al. 2013 |
75 | China | Lushan 2013 | 7.00 | 13.00 | 0.34 | 1.50 | 3.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 1523 (>1000) | 1802 (2200) | Chen et al. 2014 |
76 | Nepal | Nepal 2015 | 7.80 | 18.00 | 1.44 | 4.50 | 3.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 19,435 (thousands) | 13,368 | Collins and Jibson 2015 |
77 | Afghanistan | Hindukush 2015 | 7.50 | 213.00 | 0.04 | 1.50 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 944 (hundreds) | 262,381 | |
78 | Tajikistan | Pamir 2015 | 7.20 | 28.00 | 0.54 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1618 | 4567 | |
Europe | ||||||||||||
79 | Italy | Calabria 1783? | 7.00 | 15.00 | 1.02 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 3048 (215 dammed lakes) | 2772 (several hundreds) | Jacques et al. 2001 |
80 | Romania | Vrancea (Romania) 1802 | 7.90 | 150.00 | 0.15 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 223 (dozens) | 39,649 | Georgescu 2003 |
81 | Romania | Vrancea (Romania) 1838 | 7.50 | 150.00 | 0.08 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 113 | 19072 | Constantin et al. 2011 |
82 | Italy | S. Apennines Irpinia 1930 | 6.70 | 14.60 | 0.66 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 3988 (several large landslides) | 3288 | Tranfaglia et al. 2011 |
83 | Romania | Vrancea 1940 | 7.70 | 150.00 | 0.05 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 136 | 26,721 | Bălteanu et al. 1997; Radu and Spânoche 1977 |
84 | Italy | Valle del Belice (Sicilia) 1968 | 6.12 | 17.50 | 0.09 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 132 | 202 | Monaco et al. 1996 |
85 | Italy | Friuli 1976 | 6.50 | 15.00 | 0.16 | 0.75 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 358 (~100) | 605 | Govi 1977 |
86 | Romania | Vrancea 1977 | 7.40 | 94.00 | 0.14 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 211 | 13,793 | Mândrescu (1981) |
86 | Italy | Irpinia (Campania) 1980 | 6.90 | 10.00 | 0.64 | 2.25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2891 | 1330 | Bernard and Zollo 1989 |
87 | Greece | Kalamata (S. Greece) 1986 | 6.00 | 28.00 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 32 | 152 | Anagnostopoulos et al. 1987 |
88 | Armenia | Spitak 1988 | 6.70 | 10.00 | 0.79 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 4.00 | 4741 | 1297 | Rodriguez et al. 1999 |
89 | Greece | Killini (W. Greece) 1988 | 5.90 | 25.00 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 7 | 38 | Lazaridou-Varotsos 2013 |
90 | Georgia | Racha 1991 | 7.00 | 17.00 | 0.63 | 2.25 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 2844 (hundreds) | 3132 (3000) | Jibson et al. 1994 |
91 | Spain | SW Montefrio (Loja, S. Spain) 1991 | 2.60 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 3 | 0,16 | Delgado et al. 2011 |
92 | Turkey | Erzincan (E. Turkey) 1992 | 6.70 | 27.00 | 0.09 | 1.00 | 3.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 272 | 1329 | Erdik et al. 1994 |
93 | Italy | Umbria-Marche 1997 | 6.00 | 5.00 | 0.09 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 130 (>100) | 23 | Esposito et al. 2000 |
94 | Slovenia | Posocje 1998 | 5.60 | 6.00 | 0.02 | 0.50 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 67 (100 slope failures) | 19 | Mikoš et al. 2013 |
95 | Italy | Palermo 2002 | 5.89 | 10.00 | 0.07 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 427 | 145 | Azzaro et al. 2004 |
96 | Italy | Molise (Abruzzi) 2002 | 5.78 | 30.00 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 46 | 237 | Bozzano et al. 2004 |
97 | Greece | Lefkada (W. Greece) 2003 | 6.30 | 12.00 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 29 (several) | 37 | Papadopoulos et al. 2003 |
98 | Italy | L’Aquila (Abruzzi) 2009 | 5.80 | 11.00 | 0.06 | 0.75 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 46 (several) | 38 | Cheloni et al. 2014 |
99 | Italy | Emilia 2012 | 6.00 | 7.50 | 0.09 | 0.75 | 2.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 128 | 50 | Martino et al. 2014 |
100 | Greece | Cephalonia (W. Greece) 2014 | 5.80 | 16.00 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 3.00 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 41 | 87 | Valkaniotis et al. 2014 |