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Table 1 Comparison of empirically-derived critical average gradients i c for initiation of backward erosion and piping in different soil types (Perzlmaier et al. 2007)

From: Critical hydraulic gradients for seepage-induced failure of landslide dams

 

Soil type

 

Gravel

Coarse sand

Medium sand

Fine sand

Source

Chugaev

0.25

0.25

0.15

0.12

Chugaev (1962)

Chugaev reduced

0.25

0.25

0.11

0.10

Chugaev (1962)

Bligh

0.11

0.083

-

0.067

Bligh (1910)

Lane

0.095

0.067

0.056

0.048

Lane (1935)

Muller-Kirchenbauer, lower limit

-

0.12

0.08

0.06

Müller-Kirchenbauer et al. (1993)

Muller-Kirchenbauer, upper limit

-

0.17

0.10

0.08

Müller-Kirchenbauer et al. (1993)

Weijers & Sellmeijer, C u  = 1.5

0.28

0.18

0.16

0.09

Weijers & Sellmeijer (1993)

Weijers & Sellmeijer, C u  = 3

0.34

0.28

0.24

0.14

Weijers & Sellmeijer (1993)