Fig. 2

Schematic of an open slope prone to debris avalanche and stress paths relative to the triggering stage. General features: a) bedrock, b) stable soil deposit, c) failed soil, d) propagating failed mass, e) entrained material, f) boundary of debris avalanche, g) propagation pattern. Triggering factors: I) spring from bedrock, II) impact loading. Zone 1–2: triggering. Zone 3: thrust of failed material and/or soil entrainment. Zone 4: soil entrainment. Zone 5: propagation. Stress paths for: drained impact (zone A), undrained impact (zone B), spring from bedrock (zone C), liquefaction (zone B and/or C), and thrust of failed mass on stable soils (zone B or to be determined). (Cascini et al., 2013a)