Table 2 Spatial relationship between each landslide factors and landslide using frequency ratio (FR), Certainty factor (CF) and information value (IV) methods

Lithology

Colluvial Deposit

39,011

25.2

524

32.9

1.3

0.01

0.01

0.27

0.24

Sandstone

51,186

33.1

320

20.1

0.6

0.01

0.01

−0.50

− 0.40

Weathered Basalt

64,419

41.7

748

47.0

1.1

0.01

0.01

0.12

0.11

Land use/cover

Agriculture

83,991

54.3

375

8.4

1.1

0.004

0.004

0.1

0.07

Settlement

43,115

27.9

133

4.3

0.7

0.003

0.004

−0.3

−0.26

Grazing Land

25,490

16.5

76

2.6

0.7

0.003

0.004

−0.3

− 0.29

Bar Land

1364

0.9

61

0.1

10.7

0.045

0.004

2.4

0.91

Scatter Bush

616

0.4

0

0.1

0.0

0.000

0.004

0

−1.00

Distance to stream

0–50

47,432

30.7

2115

37.5

1.2

0.04

0.04

0.20

0.19

50–100

42,442

27.4

1487

26.4

1.0

0.04

0.04

−0.04

− 0.03

100–150

33,253

21.5

1416

25.1

1.2

0.04

0.04

0.16

0.15

150–200

22,225

14.4

469

8.3

0.6

0.02

0.04

− 0.55

−0.43

200–2, 355

9270

6.0

149

2.6

0.4

0.02

0.04

−0.82

− 0.57

Slope angle

0°–7°

48,562

31.4

1577

28.0

0.89

0.03

0.04

−0.12

−0.11

7°–14°

48,082

31.1

1329

23.6

0.76

0.03

0.04

−0.28

−0.25

14°–21°

29,704

19.2

1124

19.9

1.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

21°–28°

19,003

12.3

899

16.0

1.30

0.05

0.04

0.26

0.24

28°–68°

9271

6.0

707

12.5

2.09

0.08

0.04

0.74

0.54

Slope Aspect

Flat (−1)

37,796

24.4

1143

20.3

0.83

0.03

0.04

−0.19

−0.18

North (0–22.5)

2094

1.4

23

0.4

0.30

0.01

0.04

−1.20

−0.71

NE (22.5–67.5)

17,652

11.4

388

6.9

0.60

0.02

0.04

−0.51

−0.41

E (67.5–112.5)

6855

4.4

146

2.6

0.58

0.02

0.04

−0.54

−0.42

SE(112.5–157.5)

6756

4.4

187

3.3

0.76

0.03

0.04

−0.28

−0.25

S (157.5–202.5)

26,889

17.4

1299

23.0

1.33

0.05

0.04

0.28

0.25

SW (202.5–247.5)

6981

4.5

428

7.6

1.68

0.06

0.04

0.52

0.42

W(247.5–292.5)

32,180

20.8

1656

29.4

1.41

0.05

0.04

0.34

0.30

NW (292.5–337.5)

9839

6.4

231

4.1

0.64

0.02

0.04

−0.44

−0.36

N (337.5–360)

7580

4.9

135

2.4

0.49

0.02

0.04

−0.72

−0.52

Slope Curvature

Concave Slope (−26- -2)

22,881

14.8

1188

21.1

1.42

0.05

0.04

0.35

0.31

Flat Slope (−2–2)

109,717

71.0

3385

60.1

0.85

0.03

0.04

−0.17

−0.16

Convex Slope (Aleotti & Chowdhury, 1999; Zorgati et al., 2019; Bednarik et al., 2012; Bonham-Carter, 1994; Brabb, 1984; Chandak et al., 2016; Brunsden, 1979; Chen & Wang, 2007; Chung & Fabbri, 2005; Chung & Fabbri, 2003; Corominas et al., 2014; Cruden, 1991; Dai & Lee, 2002; Das & Lepcha, 2019; Donati & Turrini, 2002; Dou et al., 2014; Duman et al., 2006; Jazouli et al., 2019; Fell et al., 2008; Gorsevski et al., 2000; Gutiérrez et al., 2015; Hong et al., 2016)

22,024

14.2

1063

18.9

1.32

0.05

0.04

0.28

0.25