Adapting sudden landslide identification product (SLIP) and detecting real-time increased precipitation (DRIP) algorithms to map rainfall-triggered landslides in Western Cameroon highlands (Central-Africa)

Ngandam Mfondoum, Alfred Homère; Wokwenmendam Nguet, Pauline; Mefire Mfondoum, Jean Valery; Tchindjang, Mesmin; Hakdaoui, Sofia; Cooper, Ryan; Gbetkom, Paul Gérard; Penaye, Joseph; Bekoa, Ateba; Moudioh, Cyriel

doi:10.1186/s40677-021-00189-9

Geoenvironmental Disasters

Table 4 Landslide causes and consequences in Cameroon to the best of recording

From: Adapting sudden landslide identification product (SLIP) and detecting real-time increased precipitation (DRIP) algorithms to map rainfall-triggered landslides in Western Cameroon highlands (Central-Africa)

Month/Year	Location	Causes	Main casualties and losses
September 1954	Nchingang, Lebialem	Slopes’ agriculture, woodcutting and huge rainfall	Bridges destroyed followed by flooding
September 1956	Beine, Lebialem	Slopes’ agriculture and huge rainfall	3 deaths; houses and bridges destroyed followed by flooding; farms flooded and destroyed
September 1957	Fomenji, Lebialem	Huge rainfall	12 deaths, bridges and farms destroyed
August 1973	Fonengé, Lebialem	Huge rainfall	1 death; dozens of houses destroyed; 300 homeless
August 1978	Fossong-Wetcheng (Dshang)	Huge rainfall	6 deaths; farms destroyed
June 1988	Bamboko, Melong mt Manengouba	Huge rainfall	8 deaths; bridges and houses destroyed
June 1991	Pinyin	Thundershowers	Plantations destroyed
July 1991	Limbe, Mt Cameroun	Public works on slopes; Huge rainfall	1 death; 1 house destroyed
September 1991	Pinyin, Santa, Bamenda	Slopes’ agriculture and huge rainfall	12 deaths; 2 houses destroyed
12 September 1992	Santa, Bamenda	Slopes’ agriculture and huge rainfall	12 deaths; 5 houses destroyed
September 1992	Fomenji, Abi, Fonengé	Slopes’ agriculture and huge rainfall	12 deaths; houses, bridges and farms destroyed
September 1993	Bafaka	Huge rainfall	Farms and houses destroyed
September 1994	Fomenji, fotang, Fonengé	Slopes’ agriculture and huge rainfall	6 bridges and 10 houses destroyed
September 1995	Bafaka, Ndian, Mt Rumpi	Earthquakes (intensity VII on Richter scale) and rainfall	3 deaths; 1 house, farms and forests destroyed.
September 1997	Sho, Belo	Huge rainfall; perched water source; slopes’ agriculture; woodcutting	2 deaths; 1 house, 1 road destroyed followed by several weeks of traffic interruption; farms destroyed.
September 1997	Gouata, Dschang (Mt Bamboutos)	Huge rainfall	1 death and farms destroyed
September 1997	Batié	Sand digging and huge rainfall	Farms destroyed
July 1998	Bingo, Belo	Huge rainfall	5 deaths and 3 houses destroyed
August 1998	Bamumba, wabane Lebialem	Slight earth shaking and rainfall	5 injured; 11 houses destroyed; bridges and farms destroyed.
August 1998	Abi, Ako, Atsuela, Babong	Rainfall	1 injured; houses and farms destroyed
September 1998	Anjin, Belo	Slopes’ agriculture, woodcutting and huge rainfall	2 deaths; 1 house and farms destroyed;
September 2000	Rom Nwah	Earthquakes (intensity IV on Richter scale) and rainfall	6 deaths; 17 injured; 7 houses destroyed;
June 2001	Limbé	Earthquakes (intensity IV on Richter scale) and rainfall	24 deaths, 2800 homeless, 120 houses destroyed
10 September 2002	Bana-Bafang	Slopes’ agriculture and huge rainfall	10 deaths; houses destroyed
20 July2003	Magha’a and Atsuela	Slopes’ agriculture, breeding, woodcutting and huge rainfall	22 deaths; 50 deaths cattle; houses; roads and farms destroyed.
August 2003	Bafou	Rainfall	2 deaths; 1 house destroyed
August 2003	Wabane	Huge rainfall and flooding	1 death
27 September 2007	Abuh	Rainfall	Plantations destroyed
September 2008	Fondonera	Huge rainfall	Farms destroyed
October 2008	Moumé-Bafang	Huge rainfall	1 death; 103 homeless; 12 houses and 1 road destroyed;
October 2009	Bamenda-Akum	Huge rainfall causing collapse and blocks subsidence	Main road destroyed with several days of traffic interruption
October 2010	Bamenda	Huge rainfall causing collapse and blocks subsidence	7 deaths; 7 houses destroyed; 50 homeless;
23 October 2011	Koutaba	Bare slopes and huge rainfall	2 deaths;
August, September and October of every year including 2012 to 2017	Mbo and Ndop plains	Huge rainfall, slopes’ agriculture and breeding	Farms and roads destructions
4 & 5 September 2018	Foumban	Huge rainfall causing collapse and blocks subsidence	Houses and roads destroyed
28 & 29 October 2019	Bafoussam	Slopes’ agriculture, breeding, woodcutting and huge rainfall	45 deaths; 300 homeless; dozens of houses destroyed

(Sources – Ayonghe et al., 2002; Tchindjang, 2013; IGMR-Penaye et al., 2018; IGMR-Kankeu & Ntchantcho, 2019)

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