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Table 3 Orthogonal array \({\text{L}}_{{{16}}} {4}^{{5}}\) for aggregate pouring into a tunnel with water flow

From: Plugging efficiency of pouring aggregates through multiple boreholes into an inundated tunnel to prevent groundwater inrush disasters

Trial number

Symbol of the trial

Aggregate particle size A (mm)

Distance between the boreholes B (m)

Initial water flow rate C (× 10−2 m/s)

Tunnel inclination D (°)

Plugging efficiency PE (%)

1

A1B1C1D1

0.25–0.5

0.5

0

0

98.15

2

A1B2C2D2

0.25–0.5

0.75

1.5

3

94.65

3

A1B3C3D3

0.25–0.5

1.0

2.4

5

88.79

4

A1B4C4D4

0.25–0.5

1.5

3.0

8

83.96

5

A2B1C2D3

0.5–1.0

0.5

1.5

5

94.80

6

A2B2C1D4

0.5–1.0

0.75

0

8

97.83

7

A2B3C4D1

0.5–1.0

1.0

3.0

0

91.86

8

A2B4C3D2

0.5–1.0

1.5

2.4

3

92.65

9

A3B1C3D4

1.0–2.0

0.5

2.4

8

93.20

10

A3B2C4D3

1.0–2.0

0.75

3.0

5

91.23

11

A3B3C1D2

1.0–2.0

1.0

0

3

97.74

12

A3B4C2D1

1.0–2.0

1.5

1.5

0

94.94

13

A4B1C4D2

2.0–5.0

0.5

3.0

3

96.09

14

A4B2C3D1

2.0–5.0

0.75

2.4

0

97.12

15

A4B3C2D4

2.0–5.0

1.0

1.5

8

97.19

16

A4B4C1D3

2.0–5.0

1.5

0

5

96.27