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Fig. 1 | Geoenvironmental Disasters

Fig. 1

From: A method for evaluating population and infrastructure exposed to natural hazards: tests and results for two recent Tonga tsunamis

Fig. 1

Geological hazards in Tonga. Left panel (framed by red rectangle on globe): seismotectonics around the Tonga–Kermadec subduction zone. Right panel (framed by black rectangle in left panel): the three main island groups of Tonga (Vava’u, Ha’apai and Tongatapu). Circles: epicentres of magnitude Mw > 7.5 earthquakes (circle sizes proportional to magnitude; USGS data from January 1970 to February 2022) with color as a function of focal depth: shallow (red), intermediate (orange), deep (yellow). Black lines: main tectonic features (subduction trench, spreading ridges). Black triangles: active Holocene volcanoes (https://volcano.si.edu, accessed on February 13, 2022). Red triangle: Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano. Red and black contours: tsunami travel times from the volcano, in minutes (calculated using Mirone Software; Luis 2007). Bathymetric data from GEBCO (2014). Map generated using Generic Mapping Tools (Wessel et al. 2019)

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